1. Introduction: The Fragile Language of the Web The internet runs on links. Every time you click a blue line of text, you are trusting a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to take you to a specific destination. But URLs are surprisingly fragile. They were designed decades ago, in the early days of the internet, when computers only understood a very small, specific alphabet called ASCII. Here is the problem: Modern life is messy. We use spaces in filenames ( my resume.pdf ). We use symbols ( @ , # , & ). We use emojis and foreign languages. If you try to put a space directly into a URL, the web browser gets confused. It might think the URL has ended. If you use a symbol like & in the wrong place, the server might think you are starting a new command. This is why the URL Encoder exists. It acts as a safety translator. It takes "unsafe" characters—like spaces, symbols, and non-English letters—and converts them into a specific code that computers can read without crashing. ...